Dengubas | دەنگوباس | What 1,000 years of golden roses tell us about popes’ authority and influence, from Leo IX to Leo XIV

The Conversation · 5 Oct 2026

What 1,000 years of golden roses tell us about popes’ authority and influence, from Leo IX to Leo XIV

Popes have bestowed golden roses on warriors, rulers, women – and, increasingly in recent decades, shrines.