Le Monde · 20 Oct 2026
The Saudi state's ambiguous stance on Osama bin Laden and Al-Qaeda
'On the Saudi Trail of 9/11' (3/4). In the early 1990s, the break between Riyadh and the leader of Al-Qaeda appeared complete. Osama bin Laden was forced into exile after fiercely opposing the American military presence in Saudi Arabia during the Gulf War. However, documents from the FBI and the CIA
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